The invention of the concept of virtual memory (as opposed to it's first implementation) is usually attributed to Fritz Rudolf Güntsch’s doctoral dissertation

The invention of the concept of virtual memory (as opposed to it's first implementation) is usually attributed to Fritz Rudolf Güntsch’s doctoral dissertation from 1956, see [1, 2] for brief discussions. (There are other, probably better, references, but they seems to be behind paywalls.) I imagine that as natural a concept as virtual memory was independently invented multiple times. For example Denning's 1970 text [3] does not cite Güntsch’s work. [1] L. Robertson, Anecdotes. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1369143 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1369143 [2] Retrocomputing Stackexchange, Was there a clearly identifiable "first computer" to use or demonstrate the use of virtual memory?. https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/12697/was-there-a-clearly-identifiable-first-computer-to-use-or-demonstrate-the-use https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/12697/was... [3] P. J. Denning, Virtual Memory. https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse451/17wi/readings/extra/Denning.pdf https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse451/17wi/readin...