This [1] is the best source I've seen. 2008 era Mac laptops definitely had that exploit, but since then they've made hardware changes. > All cameras after that

This [1] is the best source I've seen. 2008 era Mac laptops definitely had that exploit, but since then they've made hardware changes. > All cameras after that one were different: The hardware team tied the LED to a hardware signal from the sensor: If the (I believe) vertical sync was active, the LED would light up. There is NO firmware control to disable/enable the LED. The actual firmware is indeed flashable, but the part is not a generic part and there are mechanisms in place to verify the image being flashed. […] [1] https://daringfireball.net/2019/02/on_covering_webcams https://daringfireball.net/2019/02/on_covering_webcams