Indeed - standardisation is adopted as it helps drive more handset sales and stimulate consumer demand. But standardisation is eschewed even in 4G and 5G when i

Indeed - standardisation is adopted as it helps drive more handset sales and stimulate consumer demand. But standardisation is eschewed even in 4G and 5G when it comes to the equipment deployment - everyone is trying to build their "moat" of proprietary features to make you want to only deploy their radios in a given area (or ideally the whole network). Automatic neighbour detection and cross-eNB resource block coordination are 2 that spring to mind which I think you lose in 4G if you don't go with a single-vendor approach. And good luck actually getting rival radio vendors to talk X2 to each other nicely...