I don't agree that dependency injection is necessarily bad, but if you really want to avoid it/mocking, there are also other ways, i.e. structuring your code in

I don't agree that dependency injection is necessarily bad, but if you really want to avoid it/mocking, there are also other ways, i.e. structuring your code into pure and impure parts, only unit testing the pure stuff and relying on integration tests for the "wiring".