4 ms·

Also, not to beat a dead horse :), but saying "cooling is ... lowest priority" is misinformation so I want to put this here for future readers: I spent most of

Also, not to beat a dead horse :), but saying "cooling is ... lowest priority" is misinformation so I want to put this here for future readers: I spent most of my career working on power and cooling for CPUs and MCUs and have presented on the subject at ISSCC since the 90's. I can tell you with absolute certainty that modern CPU power concerns have never NOT been a problem. Power, area and timing are the three competing constraints that all CPU manufacturers struggle to balance. And it is not easy since fixing timing can hurt power and area, and vice versa for the other two components. Finding a solution that doesn't impact the other two is hard (and very, very valuable). Recall the early 1990's when PowerPC dinged the Pentium for being a 16W TDP part ("TDP" didn't even exist as a term in datasheets at the time, that came along once Intel added throttling with the P4). Ahh the good old days.

chx 6y ago
> Recall the early 1990's when PowerPC dinged the Pentium for being a 16W TDP part PowerPC... Up until the series 9672 (1994) when IBM changed from bipolar to CMOS mainframes had water cooled CPUs (although the ES/9000 had air cooled options). Water cooling returned as an option with the zEnterprise in 2010 and the zEC12 CPU made it mandatory a few years later. These were not 16W parts. Not even 160W.
- staycoolboy 6y ago
  Interesting, I didn't know that. I have very little historical knowledge pre-1990 about mainframes, and by the time I started working in the field the term "server" replaced "mainframe" exclusively. In fact, during my graduate years, the mainframe & TTY terminals were replaced with IBM AIX workstations, and a big honkin file server, so I never really got to dive into it before it was gone.
  - chx 6y ago
    They were not called big iron for nothing. They are not measured in racks but metric tons and such :) In 1991, a Hungarian university installed its mainframe by partially removing the roof and craning the thing in place. I am not kidding. Hard to find photos. http://hampage.hu/nosztalgia/netto/ursus/ursus.jpg http://hampage.hu/nosztalgia/netto/ursus/ursus.jpg here's a small section of it. https://www.backblaze.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/history-of-hard-drive.jpg https://www.backblaze.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/hi... look at that dainty hard drive in the back :D

chx 6y ago

> Recall the early 1990's when PowerPC dinged the Pentium for being a 16W TDP part PowerPC... Up until the series 9672 (1994) when IBM changed from bipolar to CMOS mainframes had water cooled CPUs (although the ES/9000 had air cooled options). Water cooling returned as an option with the zEnterprise in 2010 and the zEC12 CPU made it mandatory a few years later. These were not 16W parts. Not even 160W.

staycoolboy 6y ago
Interesting, I didn't know that. I have very little historical knowledge pre-1990 about mainframes, and by the time I started working in the field the term "server" replaced "mainframe" exclusively. In fact, during my graduate years, the mainframe & TTY terminals were replaced with IBM AIX workstations, and a big honkin file server, so I never really got to dive into it before it was gone.
- chx 6y ago
  They were not called big iron for nothing. They are not measured in racks but metric tons and such :) In 1991, a Hungarian university installed its mainframe by partially removing the roof and craning the thing in place. I am not kidding. Hard to find photos. http://hampage.hu/nosztalgia/netto/ursus/ursus.jpg http://hampage.hu/nosztalgia/netto/ursus/ursus.jpg here's a small section of it. https://www.backblaze.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/history-of-hard-drive.jpg https://www.backblaze.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/hi... look at that dainty hard drive in the back :D