A concrete example here is that almost everything in the Kubernetes ecosystem (the control plane, operators, integrations, etc) is CPU bound by time spent Marsh

A concrete example here is that almost everything in the Kubernetes ecosystem (the control plane, operators, integrations, etc) is CPU bound by time spent Marshalling/Unmarshalling JSON or protobuf. So in some domains it’s all that moves the needle (in Kube I personally spent several years in protobuf, alternate JSON impls, fine tuning the hot path). Some problems are marshalling bound, although it’s not all of them.