Whoops, good catch! I had references on the brain. For completeness, that makes it either $nested{$x}{$y}{$z} or after initializing with curly brackets ra

Whoops, good catch! I had references on the brain. For completeness, that makes it either $nested{$x}{$y}{$z} or after initializing with curly brackets rather than parentheses to construct a new reference to an anonymous hash $nested = { … }; and then use the arrow to dereference as in the grandparent.