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Recursive DNS servers can also throw you off the scent a bit by giving you an answer that is not the same as the authoritative server. I've seen 8.8.8.8 return

Recursive DNS servers can also throw you off the scent a bit by giving you an answer that is not the same as the authoritative server. I've seen 8.8.8.8 return something other than NXDOMAIN for some domains that do not exist Cloudflare will not honour dns ANY requests Knowing how to query the authoritative nameservers is a handy tool for debugging.

LogicX 6y ago
Agreed. There's a lot of 'magic' that goes into running a quality recursive resolver, least of which is eDNS0 and EDNS Client Subnet - which intentionally returns different answers based on the requester's source IP -- in most cases for the most-optimal CDN location to be returned. Test with: dig @ns1.google.com www.google.es +subnet=193.8.172.75/24 dig @ns1.google.com www.google.es +subnet=157.88.0.0/16 Note how you get different IPs returned.
- preinheimer 6y ago
  Here's a pretty clear demo of different results around the world: https://wheresitup.com/demo/results/5ef1403cb8e31e3fb3298503 https://wheresitup.com/demo/results/5ef1403cb8e31e3fb3298503