I would say emergence and emergentism come to mind which captures many of these sort of ideas: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence https://en.m.wikipedia.

I would say emergence and emergentism come to mind which captures many of these sort of ideas: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence Oh and systems theory also comes to mind for more rigorous attempts at study: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory