I would think that profile-guided optimization (PGO) also makes compilation nondeterministic (unless the profile is stored for reuse.) https://en.wikipedia.org

I would think that profile-guided optimization (PGO) also makes compilation nondeterministic (unless the profile is stored for reuse.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile-guided_optimization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile-guided_optimization I've been enabling PGO when building Python lately and I imagine the resulting binaries are a little different every time due to random events during profiling.