I'd add to that that type errors can happen at run-time, too, in any language that allows any level of dynamic typing. That includes fully dynamic languages (I

I'd add to that that type errors can happen at run-time, too, in any language that allows any level of dynamic typing. That includes fully dynamic languages (I swear, the most mysterious type errors I've ever fought with concerned Python libraries with insufficient documentation), but it also includes static languages like Java that permit unsafe downcasting.