The first path is the only way I ever got hard cash for open source. There are plenty companies that create only or mostly open source work in addition to the 2

The first path is the only way I ever got hard cash for open source. There are plenty companies that create only or mostly open source work in addition to the 2 mentioned: Igalia, Linaro, Collabora, Intel, AMD, Endless, SuSE, to name a few. Some scientific research is happening in the open source manner as well. While none of my stuff made outside a contract ever yielded money, I also never made it a goal.