I can only speak to 5 and 6, but: 5) Ctrl+Shift+C works as copy in the default Terminal setup; mouse selection to copy should work, and middle-click is paste.

I can only speak to 5 and 6, but: 5) Ctrl+Shift+C works as copy in the default Terminal setup; mouse selection to copy should work, and middle-click is paste. 6) dpkg -L <packagename> is your friend, logs are in /var/log, configuration is in /etc, and it's that way primarily so that they can be on different partitions.