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Even the CPU adds at least one layer of abstraction. Spring JVM Container OS hypervisor x86 Real CPU instructions Electrons Unknown EDIT: formatting

• dmitriid 6y ago
  And "EDIT: formatting" is now an additional layer, too :)
  • majewsky 6y ago
    That's the layer that's argued about the most. :)
    • inopinatus 6y ago
      This process is called “Devops”
• gruez 6y ago
  Are hypervisors and containers really abstractions though? All they do is manage access to the underlying resource.
  • catern 6y ago
    A hypervisor definitely is; the "hardware" interface for a kernel running as a (performant) VM is different from the hardware interface for real hardware. I think one could argue that containers aren't much of an abstraction for the running program itself, though, as you say. The place where containers provide an abstraction is at deployment time/process management time; the program itself has (essentially) the same API whether it's running in a container or not.