It seems like inconsistencies are inevitable no matter what you do. At some level, barring guaranteed message delivery (which is effectively non-existent in an

It seems like inconsistencies are inevitable no matter what you do. At some level, barring guaranteed message delivery (which is effectively non-existent in any distributed system) you always reach a level where you can't guarantee consistency. It's the Byzantine General's Problem, basically. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault But based on empirical evidence, you can work out that a certain measure of effort dedicated to fault tolerance will yield correct results in X% of cases, and you can tune the value of X based on how much time/energy/money/effort you're willing to expend... up to a point.