Japanese women are having on average one child. They want two. > Japan is one such country that discrepancy between intended and observed levels of fertility i

Japanese women are having on average one child. They want two. > Japan is one such country that discrepancy between intended and observed levels of fertility is relatively large. For example, calculated from a nationally representative survey in 2010 (IPSS 2011), the average number of intended children among women aged 40-44 is 1.84, while their observed cohort total fertility is estimated to be 1.48 . These discrepancies between intended and observed fertility suggest social constraints on meeting intentions. https://paa2014.princeton.edu/papers/141630 https://paa2014.princeton.edu/papers/141630