Both 1 and 2 are correct. We live in a consumption-driven society mostly driven by aspiration, not need. We are 'induced' into keeping up with the Joneses to a

Both 1 and 2 are correct. We live in a consumption-driven society mostly driven by aspiration, not need. We are 'induced' into keeping up with the Joneses to a very great extent. This is not a conspiracy theory. Much of ad spend is a waste because its effectiveness cannot be measured. Marketers will tell you "I would cut my budget in 1/2 no problem I just don't know which 1/2". And some companies will spend ads on you from you're a kid until you're an adult hoping to lure you into a few purchases (Ford Trucks, BMW etc.).