If the chance of a random number collision is low enough, it becomes likelier that a message will be undelivered or double-delivered due to hardware error (a "c

If the chance of a random number collision is low enough, it becomes likelier that a message will be undelivered or double-delivered due to hardware error (a "cosmic ray", though more likely thermal noise or radioactivity). Quantum computing in particular hugely relies on the observation that an infinitesimal chance of error is as good as a zero chance. And of course, hashes can collide as well.