> What Raymond's article does not mention (or at least I don't think he does, I have only skimmed the article) is that at MS each team had _its own_ bug databas

> What Raymond's article does not mention (or at least I don't think he does, I have only skimmed the article) is that at MS each team had _its own_ bug database. As a result, even filing a bug in another product was an ordeal, let alone fixing bugs across products. What this friction means in practice is nobody would bother unless they really couldn't live without a fix. I think you can easily see the results of that in Microsoft products today. Filing a bug in another Microsoft product has been technically easy for a long time. It's true that each product team has their own Product Studio database or Azure DevOps organization, but Product Studio gives you a listing of all PS databases company-wide, and I think you can get the same thing with AzDO. And in both, you can open a bug in any work item tracking database you have write access to. To the extent that you cannot/could not touch bugs or sources for other Microsoft products than the one you work/worked on, that was more a feature of Microsoft's confidentiality policies and corporate culture than of our tools. That is, people in the Windows organizations had access to Office's Product Studio DB or master source repos only if they were specifically delivering features for Office, and vice versa. That attitude is mostly gone now. Since 2013, everyone working on product R&D has had access to most other products' resources, and (IMO) almost no one tries to jealously guard their code against "outsiders". There are still different bug databases for each Microsoft product, but you have permissions to read all of them by default. Exceptions to this general openness and transparency are largely limited to consumer hardware products (Surface, Xbox) which remain very tightly controlled against leaks. (Above is based on my personal experience working for Microsoft in the start and end of the last decade, with a gap in the middle.)