I'm not sure what exactly you're looking for. Dealing with large amounts (by some definition) of training data is at the heart of the "whole process", so I'm n

I'm not sure what exactly you're looking for. Dealing with large amounts (by some definition) of training data is at the heart of the "whole process", so I'm not sure what you could learn without that element. One of the simpler data sets available is the MNIST set of labelled hand-written digits. These days it should be easy to build and train a 3-layer NN for classifying those images.