It's not about Bitcoin or blockchains and nothing about zero knowledge proofs or anything. You did just describe a merkle tree though. Here is another example.

It's not about Bitcoin or blockchains and nothing about zero knowledge proofs or anything. You did just describe a merkle tree though. Here is another example. BitTorrent uses merkle trees for torrent and piece identification. You request peer list from a tracker via the torrents merkle tree root hash. These are visible in torrent files and sometimes magnet links. That root hash corresponds to a certain tree of piece hashes whose data that when reassembled will recreate the torrent. The tree of piece hashes is included with the torrent file. You can now ask peers for those pieces by their hash and know the peer sent you the correct data because it hashes correctly. Furthermore you can know you reassembled the original torrent because you can verify all the piece hashes hash back up to the merkle tree root this verifying the torrent was downloaded correctly.