An alternative question is: how much faster is it with the neural network-based emulation ("AI"), without the used of the specialized dedicated processing chips

An alternative question is: how much faster is it with the neural network-based emulation ("AI"), without the used of the specialized dedicated processing chips? I think the answer to this gives the information you are looking for. The paper answers this question: > While the simulations presented typically run in minutes to days, the DENSE emulators can process multiple sets of input parameters in milliseconds to a few seconds with one CPU core, or even faster when using a Titan X GPU card. For the GCM simulation which takes about 1150 CPU-hours to run, the emulator speedup is a factor of 110 million on a like-for-like basis, and over 2 billion with a GPU card. The speed up achieved by DENSE emulators for each test case is shown in Figure 2(h)