Another good reference from the American Bar Association can be found at https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/business-torts-unfair-competit

Another good reference from the American Bar Association can be found at https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/business-torts-unfair-competition/practice/2019/wrongful-conduct-interference-contractual-economic-relations/ https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/bus... "Defendant's liability may arise from improper motives or from the use of improper means." Given this quote from your source the description you presented of what is required to meet the standard is still inaccurate. Based upon the quote the action taken doesn't have to be improper. Only the motivation for the action has to be improper.