GSM started in Europe. Qualcomm continued betting on CDMA way too long. It ended up with Ericsson buying the infrastructure part of Qualcomm back in 1999: htt

GSM started in Europe. Qualcomm continued betting on CDMA way too long. It ended up with Ericsson buying the infrastructure part of Qualcomm back in 1999: https://money.cnn.com/1999/03/25/europe/ericsson/ https://money.cnn.com/1999/03/25/europe/ericsson/ https://www.wired.com/1999/03/ericsson-qualcomm-accord/ https://www.wired.com/1999/03/ericsson-qualcomm-accord/ The americans won the really lucrative (and powerful - witness Trump/Brexit) application layer though (e.g. Google/Facebook/Amazon) so they shouldn't feel that bad.