On the subway tangent, Tokyo does continue to have multi-company competition in its transit system, yet has continued to build out its network, including new li

On the subway tangent, Tokyo does continue to have multi-company competition in its transit system, yet has continued to build out its network, including new lines through the middle of the city in 2008! (Fukutoshin) There’s a lot about why the system works, but it goes to show that network effects aren’t insurmountable It’s a bit more costly then some alternative systems, but it’s better to have an expensive line that exists rather than a cheap line that doesn’t.