I'm not aware of a single book that covers all of those topics well. The New Turing Omnibus might be a good place to start for getting an overview of CS topics,

I'm not aware of a single book that covers all of those topics well. The New Turing Omnibus might be a good place to start for getting an overview of CS topics, but since you say that you want to become "much much better at the fundamentals", you might consider a serious study of Knuth's Art of Computer Programming.