Roth IRA gains are not taxed as income at withdrawal when you're retired - that's the whole point. To first order, if tax rates don't change, and your investme

Roth IRA gains are not taxed as income at withdrawal when you're retired - that's the whole point. To first order, if tax rates don't change, and your investment return is the same, then I believe that you end up paying the same with a Roth IRA as a non-Roth IRA, which in turn is significantly less than a taxable account. But Roths do have some other incidental advantages like I think you don't have a RMD. And if you have uneven income, you can do (partial) Roth conversions whenever your income is low. Which also gets around the contribution limit.