Scala and Rust are not competitors. They solve different problems and are designed for different kind of software. Rust will never be in the same league of prod

Scala and Rust are not competitors. They solve different problems and are designed for different kind of software. Rust will never be in the same league of productivity / abstraction as Scala is. There is a huge mental overhead of manual memory management that the language forces on you everywhere. Try to write a lockless or immutable Hashmap in Rust and then in Scala to see the difference. Or a graph-like structure. Or async code. Just compare method signatures. Scala is a piece of cake compared to Rust in this area. On the flip side, Scala will never be as good system language as Rust is, even after adding more improvements to the JVM e.g. value types, or even with Scala native. In these use cases where I need a tight control of resources I'd take Rust over Scala every time. As for Kotlin - meh, it is just Java with nicer syntax, not interesting to me at all.