NNTP (newsgroups) and SMTP (email) both are federated systems. Long before domain names were convenience identifiers for just websites, you would be part of an

NNTP (newsgroups) and SMTP (email) both are federated systems. Long before domain names were convenience identifiers for just websites, you would be part of an organizational domain, be it your company, your university or your local ISP (before the advent of large national consumer providers). Those were much more than just a pipe to the larger internet, they would run applications which you would use, and which federated to other organizations.