There are many real tax loopholes even by your definition. For example, there is an interaction between US and Dutch laws that essentially means that US compan

There are many real tax loopholes even by your definition. For example, there is an interaction between US and Dutch laws that essentially means that US companies that transfer copyright to Dutch subsidiaries don't owe any tax to anyone on the profits from that copyright (it's something like this: Dutch laws say that the tax is payed in the country of origin, US laws say that the tax is payed in the country where the copyright owner resides).