The reason you're measuring more 1's than 0's is this line: binary = bin(decimal)[2:] That's because while `bin(0xff)` is indeed "0b11111111", `bin(0x00)` i

The reason you're measuring more 1's than 0's is this line: binary = bin(decimal)[2:] That's because while `bin(0xff)` is indeed "0b11111111", `bin(0x00)` is "0b0". Python omits your leading zeros. A smaller nit, these lines: hexadecimal = binascii.hexlify(byte) decimal = int(hexadecimal, 16) can be just decimal = byte[0]