Yeah Iceland's definitely a big outlier in this regard, but searching around a bit it seems this pattern holds to some degree in the sort of landscape you refer

Yeah Iceland's definitely a big outlier in this regard, but searching around a bit it seems this pattern holds to some degree in the sort of landscape you referenced, see [1] and [2] (just a couple of relevant papers I found). I.e. some Norwegian researchers fenced off areas of heaths (the sort of landscape you linked to) and within just a few years those areas were noticeably different. That's the general effect I'm pointing out, you can't just look at a current landscape that has herbivores on it and conclude it can't be used for other purposes, even something as basic as the tree line can be regulated by those herbivores. 1. https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12898-018-0185-9 https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12898-01... 2. https://www.ntnu.no/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=e2e0669d-3964-4a28-b8a0-5eb7b0a0c033&groupId=10476 https://www.ntnu.no/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=e2e0669...