4 ms·

Yup. See https://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2015/02/01/what-color-is-your-function/ https://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2015/02/01/what-color-is-... for a pretty

Yup. See https://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2015/02/01/what-color-is-your-function/ https://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2015/02/01/what-color-is-... for a pretty good explanation of the async/await problem. I know Rust is all about zero-cost abstractions, "but at what cost" beyond just runtime cost? I appreciate their principled approach to mechanical sympathy and interop with the C abstract machine, but I'm just not enthused about this particular tradeoff. An alternative design would have kept await, but supported async not as a function-modifier, but as an expression modifier. Unfortunately, as the async compiler transform is a static property of a function, this would break separate compilation. That said, I have to wonder if the continuously maturing specialization machinery in Rustc could have been used to address this. IIUC, they already have generic code that is compiled as an AST and specialized to machine code upon use, then memoized for future use. They could specialize functions by their async usage and whether or not any higher-order arguments are themselves async. It might balloon worst-case compilation time by ~2X for async/non-async uses (more for HOF), but that's probably better than ballooning user-written code by 2X.

thayne 7y ago
> An alternative design would have kept await, but supported async not as a function-modifier, but as an expression modifier. How is that different than an `async` block?
- brandonbloom 7y ago
  It's not. I didn't realize Rust had that, but the rest of my comment still applies: it would be nice if asynchrony was transparent to intermediate functions and compiled via specialization.
ameixaseca 7y ago
Async adds a runtime requirement, so Rust cannot just take the same approach as Go. You only have a scheduler if you instantiate one. And having a runtime or not has nothing to do with the C abstract machine, but with precise control on what the code does. For instance, Go does not give you the option to handle this yourself: you cannot write a library for implementing goroutines or a scheduler, since it's embed in every program. That's why it's called runtime. In Rust, every bit of async implementation (futures, schedulers, etc) is a library, with some language support for easing type inference and declarations. This should already tell you why they took this approach. Regarding async/await and function colors (from the article you posted), I would much rather prefer Rust to use an effect system for implementing this. However, since effects are still much into research and there is no major language which is pushing on this direction (maybe OCaml in a few years?) it seems like a long shot for now.
- jchw 7y ago
  Go is even more different. Rust async has explicit yields with await, but Go does it implicitly at various key locations. This is actually pretty surprising to many folks, it was in the past and maybe still is possible to deadlock Go with a certain incantation of tight looping. Another difference with Rust is that async functions are stackless. Go has to contend with having a non-conventional stack and interoperability with C code (and sometimes syscalls, vDSO, etc.) that expects a relatively large stack requires pivoting. I do wish Rust could solve this problem, but the two approaches are very different indeed. I think it’s a fact of life that accidental blocking will exist in Rust, approaches that prevent it are complicated and indeed have runtime costs.
  - systemcluster 7y ago
    > [...] Go does it implicitly at various key locations. This is actually pretty surprising to many folks, it was in the past and maybe still is possible to deadlock Go with a certain incantation of tight looping. This is being worked on here: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/24543 https://github.com/golang/go/issues/24543
    - jchw 7y ago
      Fascinating. This would make Goroutines one giant leap closer to being thread-like. It feels weird how much of the OS scheduler is being “duplicated” but you can’t really argue much with the results.
    - tomp 7y ago
      Is there any documentation on the latest status on this, how far along they've come and what technical solutions they're considering / have settled on?
      - jchw 7y ago
        The proposal is marked accepted, and commits are being made to reference it, so I suppose the design doc and that issue are most likely the source of truth.
infogulch 7y ago
Exactly! Most code doesn't care whether it's sync or async, the compiler should decide which specialization to use when the program is built. The only places where you usually care is either 1: the very top of the program (some event loop handler called near main) or 2: the very bottom, when you're implementing an IO library. The specialization is decided by what you do at the very top; that decision propagates down the call chain, specializing everything in the middle that doesn't care; until it gets to a function in your IO library where it chooses between the pre-defined sync or pre-defined async implementations. So you have a synchronous http server and you decide you want to make it async? Ok, no problem, switch to an async-enabled request handler in main, and boom everything that you wrote is recompiled into a state machine a la async, and at the very bottom where it actually calls the library to write out to the socket it, the library knows what the context is and can choose the async-enabled implementation. I'm glossing over some important details and restrictions that might make this more complicated in practice, but I think it should at least be possible for functions to opt-in to 'async-specializability' to avoid having to rewrite the world for async.

thayne 7y ago

> An alternative design would have kept await, but supported async not as a function-modifier, but as an expression modifier. How is that different than an `async` block?

brandonbloom 7y ago
It's not. I didn't realize Rust had that, but the rest of my comment still applies: it would be nice if asynchrony was transparent to intermediate functions and compiled via specialization.

ameixaseca 7y ago

Async adds a runtime requirement, so Rust cannot just take the same approach as Go. You only have a scheduler if you instantiate one. And having a runtime or not has nothing to do with the C abstract machine, but with precise control on what the code does. For instance, Go does not give you the option to handle this yourself: you cannot write a library for implementing goroutines or a scheduler, since it's embed in every program. That's why it's called runtime. In Rust, every bit of async implementation (futures, schedulers, etc) is a library, with some language support for easing type inference and declarations. This should already tell you why they took this approach. Regarding async/await and function colors (from the article you posted), I would much rather prefer Rust to use an effect system for implementing this. However, since effects are still much into research and there is no major language which is pushing on this direction (maybe OCaml in a few years?) it seems like a long shot for now.

jchw 7y ago
Go is even more different. Rust async has explicit yields with await, but Go does it implicitly at various key locations. This is actually pretty surprising to many folks, it was in the past and maybe still is possible to deadlock Go with a certain incantation of tight looping. Another difference with Rust is that async functions are stackless. Go has to contend with having a non-conventional stack and interoperability with C code (and sometimes syscalls, vDSO, etc.) that expects a relatively large stack requires pivoting. I do wish Rust could solve this problem, but the two approaches are very different indeed. I think it’s a fact of life that accidental blocking will exist in Rust, approaches that prevent it are complicated and indeed have runtime costs.
- systemcluster 7y ago
  > [...] Go does it implicitly at various key locations. This is actually pretty surprising to many folks, it was in the past and maybe still is possible to deadlock Go with a certain incantation of tight looping. This is being worked on here: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/24543 https://github.com/golang/go/issues/24543
  - jchw 7y ago
    Fascinating. This would make Goroutines one giant leap closer to being thread-like. It feels weird how much of the OS scheduler is being “duplicated” but you can’t really argue much with the results.
  - tomp 7y ago
    Is there any documentation on the latest status on this, how far along they've come and what technical solutions they're considering / have settled on?
    - jchw 7y ago
      The proposal is marked accepted, and commits are being made to reference it, so I suppose the design doc and that issue are most likely the source of truth.

infogulch 7y ago

Exactly! Most code doesn't care whether it's sync or async, the compiler should decide which specialization to use when the program is built. The only places where you usually care is either 1: the very top of the program (some event loop handler called near main) or 2: the very bottom, when you're implementing an IO library. The specialization is decided by what you do at the very top; that decision propagates down the call chain, specializing everything in the middle that doesn't care; until it gets to a function in your IO library where it chooses between the pre-defined sync or pre-defined async implementations. So you have a synchronous http server and you decide you want to make it async? Ok, no problem, switch to an async-enabled request handler in main, and boom everything that you wrote is recompiled into a state machine a la async, and at the very bottom where it actually calls the library to write out to the socket it, the library knows what the context is and can choose the async-enabled implementation. I'm glossing over some important details and restrictions that might make this more complicated in practice, but I think it should at least be possible for functions to opt-in to 'async-specializability' to avoid having to rewrite the world for async.