For the “changing routes” problem, I like trolleybuses, which won’t be reconfigured and don’t smell like diesel. Real estate near the wires can get the usual in

For the “changing routes” problem, I like trolleybuses, which won’t be reconfigured and don’t smell like diesel. Real estate near the wires can get the usual infrastructure boost. Dual-mode trolleybuses can also extend service past where the wires are and you still get the advantage of not stopping to charge. The power stations can be reused for a train as well. Dedicated ROW in a city center is mandatory regardless of vehicle if you want reliable service. Toronto seems like a bit of an unfair example when you compare sheer ridership because it’s bigger than all but five US cities.