Agree with you that resources is just one factor and probably not the dominating factor. I am arguing from the point of all things being equal, a test that does

Agree with you that resources is just one factor and probably not the dominating factor. I am arguing from the point of all things being equal, a test that doesn’t change from year to year requires less time and resources to prep for compared to a test that does change year to year. And for a poor student, the former is probably more equitable than the latter. As for standardized test scores and ethnicity/culture, that is a sensitive and contentious topic that I prefer not get into.