Recalling information is not necessarily learning. That 'drawing-relation-diagrams' method contributes more towards understanding in my view. As far as I know,

Recalling information is not necessarily learning. That 'drawing-relation-diagrams' method contributes more towards understanding in my view. As far as I know, all definitions of learning include the ability to recall. As the article points out, the students that drew concept maps "felt" they understood the material, but later were actually worse at demonstrating it with the follow-up test on understanding of the material (ie, both recall of the previous facts and the ability to draw inferences from them). It's true that rote memorization is not the same as learning, but that's not what was being tested in the study. They specifically tested to determine both recall and understanding.