In practical terms, while ebikes may have a slow top speed, they move through congested areas much more quickly, so for trip-substitution purposes, the efficien

In practical terms, while ebikes may have a slow top speed, they move through congested areas much more quickly, so for trip-substitution purposes, the efficiency is apples-to-apples. More direct routes at steady speeds is a real benefit to ebikes. Much of the efficiency benefit is from the lower drag due to lower speeds, but if the purposed served is comparable, then it's valid. Just depends on what you're looking at. FWIW, even at 30mph, ebikes are over an order of magnitude more efficient than a Model 3 at 70mph (<28 vs. 280 WH/mile). Zero (electric motorcycle) states 180 WH/mile at 70mph.