From the study cited: > The paper updates estimates of fossil fuel subsidies, defined as fuel consumption times the gap between existing and efficient prices (

From the study cited: > The paper updates estimates of fossil fuel subsidies, defined as fuel consumption times the gap between existing and efficient prices (i.e., prices warranted by supply costs, environmental costs, and revenue considerations), It's not necessarily a direct transfer subsidy or even lower tax rate for certain industries. So you can take that for what its worth