One major difference might be our ability to map various signals into the same internal "sign" or meaning (synonyms, explanations, relations, generalization, in

One major difference might be our ability to map various signals into the same internal "sign" or meaning (synonyms, explanations, relations, generalization, instantiation, specialization, negation etc.) while dogs might have a 1:1 mapping between signal and meaning. If you had a golf ball, tennis ball and cricket ball; all small enough for a dog to fetch. Would it know which "ball" to fetch if you had a club/racket/bat in your hand? If yes, then two forms of learning are identical. If not, well ..