Engineers of yore were trained not only in the technical skills, but also in economic analysis and management of systems. They were expected to take a leadersh

Engineers of yore were trained not only in the technical skills, but also in economic analysis and management of systems. They were expected to take a leadership role as their career progressed in large projects. The treky model of engineer as skilled technician has not been helpful. Taking such a narrow view, many engineers fail to provide adequate and effective input into the program, and managers learn to ignore their concerns as not relevant to the larger picture.