Educated people from western countries have political norms that they think are universal but are actually highly contingent on the Enlightenment. These values

Educated people from western countries have political norms that they think are universal but are actually highly contingent on the Enlightenment. These values such as freedom and democracy have some limited play in China but are not esteemed to the same extent, especially after Communist ideologies became dominant after 1949. Rather than considering liberalism as a normative end to pursue, Chinese were more likely to treat it as way to pursue national wealth and power.