Before you get to batteries, having a greater portion of load being interruptible would be the cheapest thing to do. As heavy industry has declined in the West

Before you get to batteries, having a greater portion of load being interruptible would be the cheapest thing to do. As heavy industry has declined in the West though, we have less of that than we used to. This was the idea of "smart grids", which we seem to hear rather less about than a few years ago now.