There is a range of active - passive even within ETFs that are trying to perform like an index. An example of this in Canada is say Horizons vs Vanguard that's

There is a range of active - passive even within ETFs that are trying to perform like an index. An example of this in Canada is say Horizons vs Vanguard that's "fully" passive. You pay higher fees for someone else to do the hedging (= protection from having your money in a passively managed ETF that has underlying assets that don't have a high trading volume) for you.