This is not entirely true and depends on the logic system that you choose. Something that helped open my eyes to the different possibilities is this article, w

This is not entirely true and depends on the logic system that you choose. Something that helped open my eyes to the different possibilities is this article, which talks about producing a formal logical system for statements in Buddhism: https://aeon.co/essays/the-logic-of-buddhist-philosophy-goes-beyond-simple-truth https://aeon.co/essays/the-logic-of-buddhist-philosophy-goes... This is written by a professor that I think has produced some really interesting results. Anyway, he discusses something called a plurivalent logic, which is a kind of paraconsistent logic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic These logical systems allow for more than true or false. For example, they allow for neither true nor false as well as both true and false. Outside of their general theoretical interest, there are direct applications to systems with contradictory information. I like the paper "A Useful Four-Valued Logic" by Nuel Belnap: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-1161-7_2 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-1161-7_... which discusses a 4-value logic system and its application to databases.