With regards to your dog, you should look into chaotic systems and the butterfly effect. Chaos here doesn't mean that anything is possible or that each outcome

With regards to your dog, you should look into chaotic systems and the butterfly effect. Chaos here doesn't mean that anything is possible or that each outcome is equally likely. It refers to that the outcome changes greatly for even minimal changes of the inputs. Since we don't know everything at one point in time, we can only make limited predictions about a future state. No matter how precise we measure the system it will still behave chaotically. To some extent this is also true for the economy which contains many feedback loops and meta-stable states. Even if we have the perfect theory it might still behave chaotically and might be as unpredictable as the weather.