> Any single transmission line or substation transformer can fail and there should not be an outage. That is not always correct. There are numerous radial line

> Any single transmission line or substation transformer can fail and there should not be an outage. That is not always correct. There are numerous radial lines where the failure of a single transmission line caused numerous downstream substations and customers to experience outages...also, not every substation has 2 transmission/distribution Xfmrs with a Tie...I've seen numerous substations with only 1 Xfmr. > Redundancy and excess capacity is going to decrease. The system will continue to become less reliable. You're absolutely correct on this point...