Or (3) implement an universal TLS standard to abstract logins away into hardware tokens... but that's exactly what we have but don't use super-widespread. Eston

Or (3) implement an universal TLS standard to abstract logins away into hardware tokens... but that's exactly what we have but don't use super-widespread. Estonia has demonstrated the solution scales easily into millions, Latvia is working on it, Finland as well and a few other countries, but they're 15 years behind from Estonia, rest of the world is at least two decades behind. I've always wanted to make wild predictions, now I can try, I think such personal hardware tokens will become wildly mainstream in 25 years, totally replacing passwords.