The Chomsky hierarchy covers all of that. It's linguistics for formal languages. Grammar, syntax and semantics together with reflection allows for formalisms a

The Chomsky hierarchy covers all of that. It's linguistics for formal languages. Grammar, syntax and semantics together with reflection allows for formalisms and meta-formalisms. It all culminates in Turing Completeness. Chomsky Type 0 grammars. If you find something more powerful than a Chomsky Type 0 grammar - you have made a ground-breaking scientific discovery.