While true, this still restricts you to learning one trace per input. With symbolic representations of a program, you can perform symbolic execution (whether in

While true, this still restricts you to learning one trace per input. With symbolic representations of a program, you can perform symbolic execution (whether in your head or using a formal tool) to understand whole classes of traces in one go. Determinism is important, but it’s also not enough. You want some analogue of continuity / smoothness to be able to generalize observations based on one input to others that you haven’t tried.