Ah, I knew my analogy would bite me :) I didn't mean IO as in "can change at any moment", but as in "read from a file but you have no idea what it is". You de

Ah, I knew my analogy would bite me :) I didn't mean IO as in "can change at any moment", but as in "read from a file but you have no idea what it is". You definitely _can_ look at each function in isolation (in this example it's even sufficient to get the "best" possible version of that function"), but I do know that you'd usually do an inline pass, and further optimization passes afterwards. I don't see how that changes anything, though. If the function was inlined you'd get the same expression, and still you'd be unable to tell anything about `x`, except that it would have a definite value that you cannot observe. Again, you could argue that no matter the value, the expression would be `true`, so you could replace it.